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<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-eb2a98ce203d8afd517726e6d8776be3"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/preface/">Preface</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/preface/#preface-audience">Intended Audience</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/preface/#preface-changes-from4">Fourth Edition</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/preface/#preface-changes-from3">Third Edition</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/preface/#preface-changes-from2">Second Edition (2004)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/preface/#preface-changes">First Edition (2001)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/preface/#preface-overview">Organization of This Book</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/preface/#preface-conv">Conventions used in this book</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/preface/#preface-acknowledgements">Acknowledgments</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-14a525fce014b90b8a458a894818255a" class="toggle">
<label for="chapter-14a525fce014b90b8a458a894818255a"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/parti/">Part I. Getting Started</a></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-f9c9f3451644df30d224350da97d5da6" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-f9c9f3451644df30d224350da97d5da6"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/introduction/">Chapter 1. Introduction</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/introduction/#introduction-synopsis">1.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/introduction/#nutshell">1.2. Welcome to FreeBSD!</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/introduction/#history">1.3. About the FreeBSD Project</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-f693a3fa687a72d63ec8129ee302d664" class="toggle" checked="checked">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-f693a3fa687a72d63ec8129ee302d664"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/">Chapter 2. Installing FreeBSD</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-synopsis">2.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-hardware">2.2. Minimum Hardware Requirements</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-pre">2.3. Pre-Installation Tasks</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-start">2.4. Starting the Installation</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#using-bsdinstall">2.5. Using bsdinstall</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-partitioning">2.6. Allocating Disk Space</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-fetching-distribution">2.7. Fetching Distribution Files</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-post">2.8. Network Interfaces, Accounts, Time Zone, Services and Hardening</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-install-trouble">2.9. Troubleshooting</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#using-live-cd">2.10. Using the Live CD</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-9f6db261075f578742036fcc6000eecd" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-9f6db261075f578742036fcc6000eecd"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/">Chapter 3. FreeBSD Basics</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#basics-synopsis">3.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#consoles">3.2. Virtual Consoles and Terminals</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#users-synopsis">3.3. Users and Basic Account Management</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#permissions">3.4. Permissions</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#dirstructure">3.5. Directory Structure</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#disk-organization">3.6. Disk Organization</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#mount-unmount">3.7. Mounting and Unmounting File Systems</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#basics-processes">3.8. Processes and Daemons</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#shells">3.9. Shells</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#editors">3.10. Text Editors</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#basics-devices">3.11. Devices and Device Nodes</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#basics-more-information">3.12. Manual Pages</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-01c5707e95d14c0ff84bf62600c958d1" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-01c5707e95d14c0ff84bf62600c958d1"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ports/">Chapter 4. Installing Applications: Packages and Ports</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ports/#ports-synopsis">4.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ports/#ports-overview">4.2. Overview of Software Installation</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ports/#ports-finding-applications">4.3. Finding Software</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ports/#pkgng-intro">4.4. Using pkg for Binary Package Management</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ports/#ports-using">4.5. Using the Ports Collection</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ports/#ports-poudriere">4.6. Building Packages with poudriere</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ports/#ports-nextsteps">4.7. Post-Installation Considerations</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ports/#ports-broken">4.8. Dealing with Broken Ports</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-3405c00581365a8b5d16af70fe4d1b72" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-3405c00581365a8b5d16af70fe4d1b72"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/x11/">Chapter 5. The X Window System</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/x11/#x11-synopsis">5.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/x11/#x-install">5.2. Installing Xorg</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/x11/#x-graphic-card-drivers">5.3. Graphic card drivers</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/x11/#x-config">5.4. Xorg Configuration</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/x11/#x-fonts">5.5. Using Fonts in Xorg</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-f56428b9e0d0b77cc8e863910f96bbde" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-f56428b9e0d0b77cc8e863910f96bbde"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wayland/">Chapter 6. Wayland</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wayland/#wayland-synopsis">6.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wayland/#wayland-overview">6.2. Wayland Overview</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wayland/#wayland-wayfire">6.3. The Wayfire Compositor</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wayland/#wayland-hikari">6.4. The Hikari Compositor</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wayland/#wayland-sway">6.5. The Sway Compositor</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wayland/#wayland-xwayland">6.6. Using Xwayland</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wayland/#wayland-remotedesktop">6.7. Remote Desktop Using VNC</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wayland/#wayland-ly">6.8. Wayland Login Manager</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wayland/#wayland-utilities">6.9. Useful Utilities</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-848ec5cebce5c9662e0ba48157db1823" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-848ec5cebce5c9662e0ba48157db1823"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network/">Chapter 7. Network</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network/#network-synopsis">7.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network/#config-network-setup">7.2. Setting up the Network</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network/#config-network-connection">7.3. Wired Networks</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network/#network-wireless">7.4. Wireless Networks</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network/#hostname">7.5. Hostname</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network/#dns">7.6. DNS</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network/#troubleshooting">7.7. Troubleshooting</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-0eab3565e8f59f5a8a896dfba7eb3680" class="toggle">
<label for="chapter-0eab3565e8f59f5a8a896dfba7eb3680"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/partii/">Part II. Common Tasks</a></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-b33cf28993f3f7bf5baf036e79da0f39" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-b33cf28993f3f7bf5baf036e79da0f39"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/desktop/">Chapter 8. Desktop Environments</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/desktop/#desktop-synopsis">8.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/desktop/#desktop-environments">8.2. Desktop Environments</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/desktop/#desktop-browsers">8.3. Browsers</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/desktop/#desktop-development">8.4. Development tools</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/desktop/#desktop-productivity">8.5. Desktop office productivity</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/desktop/#desktop-viewers">8.6. Document Viewers</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/desktop/#desktop-finance">8.7. Finance</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-152f694a19312ad72ec7bb4e1c3c33b2" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-152f694a19312ad72ec7bb4e1c3c33b2"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/multimedia/">Chapter 9. Multimedia</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/multimedia/#multimedia-synopsis">9.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/multimedia/#sound-setup">9.2. Setting Up the Sound Card</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/multimedia/#audio-ports">9.3. Audio players</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/multimedia/#video-ports">9.4. Video players</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/multimedia/#conferencing-meetings">9.5. Conferencing and Meetings</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/multimedia/#scanners">9.6. Image Scanners</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-80888b4ee02e3e409e5f71cf97a36450" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-80888b4ee02e3e409e5f71cf97a36450"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/">Chapter 10. Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/#kernelconfig-synopsis">10.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/#kernelconfig-custom-kernel">10.2. Why Build a Custom Kernel?</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/#kernelconfig-devices">10.3. Finding the System Hardware</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/#kernelconfig-config">10.4. The Configuration File</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/#kernelconfig-building">10.5. Building and Installing a Custom Kernel</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/#kernelconfig-trouble">10.6. If Something Goes Wrong</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-cb174c55879b17ab955f2f16989a79e0" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-cb174c55879b17ab955f2f16989a79e0"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/printing/">Chapter 11. Printing</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/printing/#printing-quick-start">11.1. Quick Start</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/printing/#printing-connections">11.2. Printer Connections</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/printing/#printing-pdls">11.3. Common Page Description Languages</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/printing/#printing-direct">11.4. Direct Printing</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/printing/#printing-lpd">11.5. LPD (Line Printer Daemon)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/printing/#printing-other">11.6. Other Printing Systems</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-c12b8c3f2a8fcefce87087241f695c83" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-c12b8c3f2a8fcefce87087241f695c83"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/">Chapter 12. Linux Binary Compatibility</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/#linuxemu-synopsis">12.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/#linuxemu-lbc-install">12.2. Configuring Linux Binary Compatibility</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/#linux-userlands">12.3. Linux userlands</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/#linuxemu-advanced">12.4. Advanced Topics</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-54c06b703788dcba4081bec5a0407412" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-54c06b703788dcba4081bec5a0407412"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wine/">Chapter 13. WINE</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wine/#wine-synopsis">13.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wine/#wine-overview-concepts">13.2. WINE Overview &amp; Concepts</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wine/#installing-wine-on-freebsd">13.3. Installing WINE on FreeBSD</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wine/#running-first-wine-program">13.4. Running a First WINE Program on FreeBSD</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wine/#configuring-wine-installation">13.5. Configuring WINE Installation</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wine/#wine-management-guis">13.6. WINE Management GUIs</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wine/#wine-in-multi-user-os-installations">13.7. WINE in Multi-User FreeBSD Installations</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/wine/#wine-on-os-faq">13.8. WINE on FreeBSD FAQ</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-03b11ba627b9a0c85b247f5641bde272" class="toggle">
<label for="chapter-03b11ba627b9a0c85b247f5641bde272"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/partiii/">Part III. System Administration</a></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-6c31587f8d736319f099cd4dc1961301" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-6c31587f8d736319f099cd4dc1961301"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/config/">Chapter 14. Configuration, Services, Logging and Power Management</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/config/#config-synopsis">14.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/config/#configtuning-configfiles">14.2. Configuration Files</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/config/#configtuning-rcd">14.3. Managing Services in FreeBSD</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/config/#cron-periodic">14.4. Cron and Periodic</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/config/#configtuning-syslog">14.5. Configuring System Logging</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/config/#acpi-overview">14.6. Power and Resource Management</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/config/#adding-swap-space">14.7. Adding Swap Space</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-459f0012b3b4f0b6b123010f029da5e4" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-459f0012b3b4f0b6b123010f029da5e4"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/boot/">Chapter 15. The FreeBSD Booting Process</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/boot/#boot-synopsis">15.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/boot/#boot-introduction">15.2. FreeBSD Boot Process</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/boot/#device-hints">15.3. Device Hints</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/boot/#boot-shutdown">15.4. Shutdown Sequence</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-917c75fcffbb14d48ed6d0a48e7028f2" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-917c75fcffbb14d48ed6d0a48e7028f2"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/">Chapter 16. Security</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#security-synopsis">16.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#security-intro">16.2. Introduction</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#sec-accounts">16.3. Securing Accounts</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#security-ids">16.4. Intrusion Detection System (IDS)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#security-secure-levels">16.5. Secure levels</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#security-file-flags">16.6. File flags</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#openssh">16.7. OpenSSH</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#openssl">16.8. OpenSSL</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#kerberos5">16.9. Kerberos</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#tcpwrappers">16.10. TCP Wrappers</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#fs-acl">16.11. Access Control Lists</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#capsicum">16.12. Capsicum</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#security-accounting">16.13. Process Accounting</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#security-resourcelimits">16.14. Resource Limits</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#security-pkg">16.15. Monitoring Third Party Security Issues</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#security-advisories">16.16. FreeBSD Security Advisories</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-1a2a8e719703649c2c66d99aa7a25fd4" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-1a2a8e719703649c2c66d99aa7a25fd4"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/jails/">Chapter 17. Jails and Containers</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/jails/#jails-synopsis">17.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/jails/#jail-types">17.2. Jail Types</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/jails/#host-configuration">17.3. Host Configuration</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/jails/#classic-jail">17.4. Classic Jail (Thick Jail)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/jails/#thin-jail">17.5. Thin Jails</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/jails/#jail-management">17.6. Jail Management</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/jails/#jail-upgrading">17.7. Jail Upgrading</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/jails/#jail-resource-limits">17.8. Jail Resource Limits</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/jails/#jail-managers-and-containers">17.9. Jail Managers and Containers</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-8f4620c77e572cbb58917911a33c73cf" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-8f4620c77e572cbb58917911a33c73cf"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mac/">Chapter 18. Mandatory Access Control</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mac/#mac-synopsis">18.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mac/#mac-inline-glossary">18.2. Key Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mac/#mac-understandlabel">18.3. Understanding MAC Labels</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mac/#mac-planning">18.4. Planning the Security Configuration</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mac/#mac-policies">18.5. Available MAC Policies</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mac/#mac-userlocked">18.6. User Lock Down</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mac/#mac-implementing">18.7. Nagios in a MAC Jail</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mac/#mac-troubleshoot">18.8. Troubleshooting the MAC Framework</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-9598d66a76cb3182057b6bcd775149a0" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-9598d66a76cb3182057b6bcd775149a0"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/audit/">Chapter 19. Security Event Auditing</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/audit/#audit-synopsis">19.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/audit/#audit-inline-glossary">19.2. Key Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/audit/#audit-config">19.3. Audit Configuration</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/audit/#audit-administration">19.4. Working with Audit Trails</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-e1edcad13d9db6e8e4cb645d378ecfaf" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-e1edcad13d9db6e8e4cb645d378ecfaf"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/">Chapter 20. Storage</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#disks-synopsis">20.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#disks-adding">20.2. Adding Disks</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#disks-growing">20.3. Resizing and Growing Disks</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#usb-disks">20.4. USB Storage Devices</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#creating-cds">20.5. Creating and Using CD Media</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#creating-dvds">20.6. Creating and Using DVD Media</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#floppies">20.7. Creating and Using Floppy Disks</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#using-ntfs">20.8. Using NTFS Disks</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#backup-basics">20.9. Backup Basics</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#disks-virtual">20.10. Memory Disks</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#snapshots">20.11. File System Snapshots</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#quotas">20.12. Disk Quotas</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#disks-encrypting">20.13. Encrypting Disk Partitions</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#swap-encrypting">20.14. Encrypting Swap</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#disks-hast">20.15. Highly Available Storage (HAST)</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-dde37901a0e0ea32745b67607854900f" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-dde37901a0e0ea32745b67607854900f"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/geom/">Chapter 21. GEOM: Modular Disk Transformation Framework</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/geom/#geom-synopsis">21.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/geom/#geom-striping">21.2. RAID0 - Striping</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/geom/#geom-mirror">21.3. RAID1 - Mirroring</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/geom/#geom-raid3">21.4. RAID3 - Byte-level Striping with Dedicated Parity</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/geom/#geom-graid">21.5. Software RAID Devices</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/geom/#geom-ggate">21.6. GEOM Gate Network</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/geom/#geom-glabel">21.7. Labeling Disk Devices</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/geom/#geom-gjournal">21.8. UFS Journaling Through GEOM</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-73e82560fcb7145b7c0e2ec47af8fc04" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-73e82560fcb7145b7c0e2ec47af8fc04"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/zfs/">Chapter 22. The Z File System (ZFS)</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/zfs/#zfs-differences">22.1. What Makes ZFS Different</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/zfs/#zfs-quickstart">22.2. Quick Start Guide</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/zfs/#zfs-zpool">22.3. <code>zpool</code> Administration</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/zfs/#zfs-zfs">22.4. <code>zfs</code> Administration</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/zfs/#zfs-zfs-allow">22.5. Delegated Administration</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/zfs/#zfs-advanced">22.6. Advanced Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/zfs/#zfs-links">22.7. Further Resources</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/zfs/#zfs-term">22.8. ZFS Features and Terminology</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-7af71270807eb7b70cd3eedc6577b254" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-7af71270807eb7b70cd3eedc6577b254"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/filesystems/">Chapter 23. Other File Systems</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/filesystems/#filesystems-synopsis">23.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/filesystems/#filesystems-linux">23.2. Linux® File Systems</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-375257268d95faaf87faf4f7a2e6aa67" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-375257268d95faaf87faf4f7a2e6aa67"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/virtualization/">Chapter 24. Virtualization</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/virtualization/#virtualization-synopsis">24.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/virtualization/#virtualization-guest-parallelsdesktop">24.2. FreeBSD as a Guest on Parallels Desktop for macOS®</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/virtualization/#virtualization-guest-vmware">24.3. FreeBSD as a Guest on VMware Fusion for macOS®</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/virtualization/#virtualization-guest-virtualbox">24.4. FreeBSD as a Guest on VirtualBox™</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/virtualization/#virtualization-host-virtualbox">24.5. FreeBSD as a Host with VirtualBox™</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/virtualization/#qemu-virtualization-host-guest">24.6. Virtualization with QEMU on FreeBSD</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/virtualization/#virtualization-host-bhyve">24.7. FreeBSD as a Host with bhyve</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/virtualization/#virtualization-host-xen">24.8. FreeBSD as a Xen™-Host</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-49f1e96591c090304ea532012257f4ef" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-49f1e96591c090304ea532012257f4ef"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/l10n/">Chapter 25. Localization - i18n/L10n Usage and Setup</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/l10n/#l10n-synopsis">25.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/l10n/#using-localization">25.2. Using Localization</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/l10n/#l10n-compiling">25.3. Finding i18n Applications</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/l10n/#lang-setup">25.4. Locale Configuration for Specific Languages</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-dead2b4c5ea325dd390a9b0dccd8f763" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-dead2b4c5ea325dd390a9b0dccd8f763"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/cutting-edge/">Chapter 26. Updating and Upgrading FreeBSD</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/cutting-edge/#updating-upgrading-synopsis">26.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/cutting-edge/#updating-upgrading-freebsdupdate">26.2. FreeBSD Update</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/cutting-edge/#updating-bootcode">26.3. Updating Bootcode</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/cutting-edge/#updating-upgrading-documentation">26.4. Updating the Documentation Set</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/cutting-edge/#current-stable">26.5. Tracking a Development Branch</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/cutting-edge/#makeworld">26.6. Updating FreeBSD from Source</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/cutting-edge/#small-lan">26.7. Tracking for Multiple Machines</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/cutting-edge/#building-on-non-freebsd-hosts">26.8. Building on non-FreeBSD Hosts</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-29c1eeb0e9dedc487a98399e2737ee8a" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-29c1eeb0e9dedc487a98399e2737ee8a"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/dtrace/">Chapter 27. DTrace</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/dtrace/#dtrace-synopsis">27.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/dtrace/#dtrace-implementation">27.2. Implementation Differences</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/dtrace/#dtrace-enable">27.3. Enabling DTrace Support</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/dtrace/#dtrace-out-of-kernel">27.4. Enabling DTrace in Out-of-Kernel Modules</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/dtrace/#dtrace-using">27.5. Using DTrace</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-913e72bfb3d6947b2869d3e9447a6eaa" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-913e72bfb3d6947b2869d3e9447a6eaa"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/usb-device-mode/">Chapter 28. USB Device Mode / USB OTG</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/usb-device-mode/#usb-device-mode-synopsis">28.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/usb-device-mode/#usb-device-mode-terminals">28.2. USB Virtual Serial Ports</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/usb-device-mode/#usb-device-mode-network">28.3. USB Device Mode Network Interfaces</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/usb-device-mode/#usb-device-mode-storage">28.4. USB Virtual Storage Device</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-bbd25f9a194f9c39ca2d658c75767db5" class="toggle">
<label for="chapter-bbd25f9a194f9c39ca2d658c75767db5"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/partiv/">Part IV. Network Communication</a></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-499dab596afd7ddac77e80295314e0dd" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-499dab596afd7ddac77e80295314e0dd"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/serialcomms/">Chapter 29. Serial Communications</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/serialcomms/#serial-synopsis">29.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/serialcomms/#serial">29.2. Serial Terminology and Hardware</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/serialcomms/#term">29.3. Terminals</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/serialcomms/#dialup">29.4. Dial-in Service</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/serialcomms/#dialout">29.5. Dial-out Service</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/serialcomms/#serialconsole-setup">29.6. Setting Up the Serial Console</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-95e4571c48bee1cced5e84a538d302e3" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-95e4571c48bee1cced5e84a538d302e3"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip/">Chapter 30. PPP</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip/#ppp-and-slip-synopsis">30.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip/#userppp">30.2. Configuring PPP</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip/#ppp-troubleshoot">30.3. Troubleshooting PPP Connections</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip/#pppoe">30.4. Using PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ppp-and-slip/#pppoa">30.5. Using PPP over ATM (PPPoA)</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-f089ac726c401c9b4bd5c34a295e11bb" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-f089ac726c401c9b4bd5c34a295e11bb"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mail/">Chapter 31. Electronic Mail</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mail/#mail-synopsis">31.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mail/#mail-using">31.2. Mail Components</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mail/#dragonFly-mail-agent">31.3. DragonFly Mail Agent (DMA)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mail/#sendmail">31.4. Sendmail</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mail/#mail-changingmta">31.5. Changing the Mail Transfer Agent</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mail/#mail-agents">31.6. Mail User Agents</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mail/#mail-advanced">31.7. Advanced Topics</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-6de4de3fe925639d4175ce4b6f8c1829" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-6de4de3fe925639d4175ce4b6f8c1829"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/">Chapter 32. Network Servers</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-servers-synopsis">32.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-inetd">32.2. The inetd Super-Server</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-nfs">32.3. Network File System (NFS)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-nis">32.4. Network Information System (NIS)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-ldap">32.5. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-dhcp">32.6. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-dns">32.7. Domain Name System (DNS)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-zeroconf">32.8. Zero-configuration networking (mDNS/DNS-SD)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-apache">32.9. Apache HTTP Server</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-ftp">32.10. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-samba">32.11. File and Print Services for Microsoft® Windows® Clients (Samba)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-ntp">32.12. Clock Synchronization with NTP</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/network-servers/#network-iscsi">32.13. iSCSI Initiator and Target Configuration</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-776d855c7b75e048f90b5c2c9b35ffe0" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-776d855c7b75e048f90b5c2c9b35ffe0"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/firewalls/">Chapter 33. Firewalls</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/firewalls/#firewalls-intro">33.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/firewalls/#firewalls-concepts">33.2. Firewall Concepts</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/firewalls/#firewalls-pf">33.3. PF</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/firewalls/#firewalls-ipfw">33.4. IPFW</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/firewalls/#firewalls-ipf">33.5. IPFILTER (IPF)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/firewalls/#firewalls-blacklistd">33.6. Blacklistd</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-5b07f776a0e6155c1c89aa0d15610380" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-5b07f776a0e6155c1c89aa0d15610380"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/">Chapter 34. Advanced Networking</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#advanced-networking-synopsis">34.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#network-routing">34.2. Gateways and Routes</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#configtuning-virtual-hosts">34.3. Virtual Hosts</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#network-advanced-wireless">34.4. Wireless Advanced Authentication</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#wireless-ad-hoc-mode">34.5. Wireless Ad-hoc Mode</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#network-usb-tethering">34.6. USB Tethering</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#network-bluetooth">34.7. Bluetooth</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#network-bridging">34.8. Bridging</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#network-aggregation">34.9. Link Aggregation and Failover</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#network-diskless">34.10. Diskless Operation with PXE</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#carp">34.11. Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP)</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/#network-vlan">34.12. VLANs</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-171a77aa9d067a1024f849470e1f33e8" class="toggle">
<label for="chapter-171a77aa9d067a1024f849470e1f33e8"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/partv/">Part V. Appendices</a></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-8050f436a0a7986a4aaded93d8e49469" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-8050f436a0a7986a4aaded93d8e49469"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mirrors/">Appendix A. Obtaining FreeBSD</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mirrors/#mirrors">A.1. Mirrors</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mirrors/#git">A.2. Using Git</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mirrors/#svn">A.3. Using Subversion</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/mirrors/#mirrors-disc">A.4. Disc Copies</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-128b630a8f88f158e7027fe6c2184d21" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-128b630a8f88f158e7027fe6c2184d21"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bibliography/">Appendix B. Bibliography</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bibliography/#bibliography-freebsd">B.1. FreeBSD Bibliography</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bibliography/#bibliography-security">B.2. Security Reference</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bibliography/#bibliography-history">B.3. UNIX® History</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bibliography/#bibliography-journals">B.4. Periodicals, Journals, and Magazines</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-8bbb8867c46dac315e2253945d8c18a8" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-8bbb8867c46dac315e2253945d8c18a8"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/eresources/">Appendix C. Resources on the Internet</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/eresources/#eresources-www">C.1. Websites</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/eresources/#eresources-mail">C.2. Mailing Lists</a></li><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/eresources/#eresources-news">C.3. Usenet Newsgroups</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-a80ea4f5a4480b8725422710f954ef36" class="toggle">
<label class="icon cursor" for="chapter-a80ea4f5a4480b8725422710f954ef36"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/pgpkeys/">Appendix D. OpenPGP Keys</a><ul><li><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/pgpkeys/#pgpkeys-officers">D.1. Officers</a></li></ul></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-f4e28803fbf72f245ddccc3e6068ecc8" class="toggle">
<label for="chapter-f4e28803fbf72f245ddccc3e6068ecc8"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/glossary/">FreeBSD Glossary</a></li><li><input type="checkbox" id="chapter-9d500d2a940a8aafffc86dbf2509be55" class="toggle">
<label for="chapter-9d500d2a940a8aafffc86dbf2509be55"><a role="button"></a></label><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/colophon/">Colophon</a></li><li></li></ul></nav></div></aside><div class="book"><div class="book-menu-mobile"><label for="menu-control"><span class="menu-control-button"><i class="fa fa-list" aria-hidden="true" title="Book menu"></i>
Book menu</span></label></div><h1 class="title">Chapter 2. Installing FreeBSD</h1><div class="toc-mobile"><h3>Table of Contents</h3><nav id="TableOfContents"><ul><li><a href="#bsdinstall-synopsis">2.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-hardware">2.2. Minimum Hardware Requirements</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-pre">2.3. Pre-Installation Tasks</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-start">2.4. Starting the Installation</a></li><li><a href="#using-bsdinstall">2.5. Using bsdinstall</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-partitioning">2.6. Allocating Disk Space</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-fetching-distribution">2.7. Fetching Distribution Files</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-post">2.8. Network Interfaces, Accounts, Time Zone, Services and Hardening</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-install-trouble">2.9. Troubleshooting</a></li><li><a href="#using-live-cd">2.10. Using the Live CD</a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="book-content"><div id="preamble"><div class="sectionbody"></div></div><div class="sect1"><h2 id="bsdinstall-synopsis">2.1. Synopsis<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-synopsis"></a></h2><div class="sectionbody"><div class="paragraph"><p>FreeBSD supports different architectures including amd64, ARM®, RISC-V®, and PowerPC®.
Depending on the architecture and platform, different images can be <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/where/">downloaded</a> to install or directly run FreeBSD.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The image types are:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p>Virtual Machine disk images, such as <code>qcow2</code>, <code>vmdk</code>, <code>vhd</code>,
and raw device images. These are not installation images, but images
that have FreeBSD preinstalled and ready for post-installation tasks.
Virtual machine images are also commonly used in cloud environments.</p></li><li><p>SD
card images, for embedded systems such as Raspberry Pi. These files
must be uncompressed and written as a raw image to an SD card, from
which the board will boot.</p></li><li><p>Installation images to boot
from an ISO or USB device to install FreeBSD on a drive for the usual
desktop, laptop, or server system.</p></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The
rest of this chapter describes the third case, explaining how to
install FreeBSD using the text-based installation program named
bsdinstall.
There may be minor differences between the installer and what is shown
here, so use this chapter as a general guide rather than as a set of
literal instructions.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>After reading this chapter, you will know:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p>How to obtain FreeBSD images and create FreeBSD installation media.</p></li><li><p>How to start bsdinstall.</p></li><li><p>The questions bsdinstall will ask, what they mean, and how to answer them.</p></li><li><p>How to troubleshoot a failed installation.</p></li><li><p>How to access a live version of FreeBSD before committing to an installation.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1"><h2 id="bsdinstall-hardware">2.2. Minimum Hardware Requirements<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-hardware"></a></h2><div class="sectionbody"><div class="paragraph"><p>The hardware requirements to install FreeBSD vary by architecture and version.
Hardware architectures and devices supported by a FreeBSD release are listed on the <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/releases/">FreeBSD Release Information</a> page.
The <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/where/">FreeBSD download page</a> also has recommendations for choosing the correct image for different architectures.</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1"><h2 id="bsdinstall-pre">2.3. Pre-Installation Tasks<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-pre"></a></h2><div class="sectionbody"><div class="paragraph"><p>Once
it has been determined that the system meets the minimum hardware
requirements for installing FreeBSD, the installation file should be
downloaded and the installation media prepared.</p></div><div class="admonitionblock tip"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>Consider using <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/virtualization/#virtualization">virtualization</a> if you want to use FreeBSD on a system that already has another operating system installed.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Before moving on to the installation, check that the system is ready by verifying the items in this checklist:</p></div><div class="exampleblock procedure"><div class="content"><div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic"><li><p><strong>Back Up Important Data</strong></p><div class="paragraph"><p>Before installing any operating system, <strong>always</strong> backup all important data first.
Do not store the backup on the system being installed.
Instead, save the data to a removable disk such as a USB drive, another system on the network, or an online backup service.
Test the backup before starting the installation to make sure it contains all of the needed files.
Once the installer formats the system’s disk, all data stored on that disk will be lost.</p></div></li><li><p><strong>Decide Where to Install FreeBSD</strong></p><div class="paragraph"><p>If FreeBSD will be the only operating system installed, this step can be skipped.
But if FreeBSD will share the disk with another operating system, decide which disk or partition will be used for FreeBSD.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>In the i386 and amd64 architectures, disks can be divided into multiple partitions using one of two partitioning schemes.
A traditional <em>Master Boot Record</em> (MBR) holds a partition table defining up to four <em>primary partitions</em>.
For historical reasons, FreeBSD calls these primary partition <em>slices</em>.
One of these primary partitions can be made into an <em>extended partition</em> containing multiple <em>logical partitions</em>.
The <em>GUID Partition Table</em> (GPT) is a newer and simpler method of partitioning a disk.
Common GPT implementations allow up to 128 partitions per disk, eliminating the need for logical partitions.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The
FreeBSD boot loader requires either a primary or GPT partition.
If all of the primary or GPT partitions are already in use, one must be
freed for FreeBSD.
To create a partition without deleting existing data, use a partition
resizing tool to shrink an existing partition and create a new partition
using the freed space.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>An alternative to modifying the system’s existing disk partitions is to use <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/virtualization/#virtualization">virtualization</a>, which allows multiple operating systems to run at the same time without having to alter partitions.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>A variety of free and commercial partition resizing tools are listed at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disk_partitioning_software">List of disk partitioning software wikipedia entry</a>.
<a href="https://gparted.org/livecd.php">GParted Live</a> is a free live CD which includes the GParted partition editor.</p></div><div class="admonitionblock warning"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-warning" title="Warning"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>When
used properly, disk shrinking utilities can safely create space for
creating a new partition.
Since the possibility of selecting the wrong partition exists, always
backup any important data and verify the integrity of the backup before
modifying disk partitions.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Disk partitions containing different operating systems make it possible to install multiple operating systems on one computer.</p></div></li><li><p><strong>Collect Network Information</strong></p><div class="paragraph"><p>Some FreeBSD installation methods require a network connection in order to download the installation files.
After any installation, the installer will offer to setup the system’s network interfaces.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If
the network has a DHCP server, it can be used to provide automatic
network configuration.
If DHCP is not available, the following network information for the
system must be obtained from the local network administrator or Internet
service provider:</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-collect-network-information" class="paragraph"><p>Required Network Information</p></div><div class="olist loweralpha"><ol class="loweralpha" type="a"><li><p>IP address</p></li><li><p>Subnet mask</p></li><li><p>IP address of default gateway</p></li><li><p>Domain name of the network</p></li><li><p>IP addresses of the network’s DNS servers</p></li></ol></div></li><li><p><strong>Check for FreeBSD Errata</strong></p><div class="paragraph"><p>Although
the FreeBSD Project strives to ensure that each release of FreeBSD is
as stable as possible, bugs occasionally creep into the process.
On very rare occasions those bugs affect the installation process.
As these problems are discovered and fixed, they are noted in the
FreeBSD Errata page of each version.
Check the errata before installing to make sure that there are no
problems that might affect the installation.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Information and errata for all the releases can be found on the <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/releases/">FreeBSD Release Information</a> page.</p></div></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-installation-media">2.3.1. Prepare the Installation Media<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-installation-media"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>The
FreeBSD installer is not an application that can be run from within
another operating system.
Instead, download a FreeBSD installation file, burn it to the media
associated with its file type and size (CD, DVD, or USB), and boot the
system to install from the inserted media.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>FreeBSD installation files are available at the <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/where/">FreeBSD download page</a>.
Each installation file’s name includes the release version of FreeBSD, the architecture, and the type of file.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Installation files are available in several formats, compressed with <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=xz&amp;sektion=1&amp;format=html">xz(1)</a> or uncompressed.
The formats vary depending on computer architecture and media type.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Installation file types:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code><strong>-bootonly.iso</strong></code>:
This is the smallest installation file as it only contains the
installer. A working Internet connection is required during installation
as the installer will download the files it needs to complete the
FreeBSD installation. This file should be burned to optical media.</p></li><li><p><code><strong>-disc1.iso</strong></code>:
This file contains all of the files needed to install FreeBSD, its
source, and the Ports Collection. This file should be burned to optical
media.</p></li><li><p><code><strong>-dvd1.iso</strong></code>: This file
contains all of the files needed to install FreeBSD, its source, and
the Ports Collection. It also contains a set of popular binary packages
for installing a window manager and some applications so that a complete
system can be installed from media without requiring a connection to
the Internet. This file should be burned to optical media.</p></li><li><p><code><strong>-memstick.img</strong></code>: This file contains all of the files needed to install
FreeBSD, its source, and the Ports Collection. Write this file to a USB stick
as shown in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-usb">Writing an Image File to USB</a>.</p></li><li><p><code><strong>-mini-memstick.img</strong></code>: Like <code><strong>-bootonly.iso</strong></code>, does not include installation
files, but downloads them as needed. A working internet connection is required
during installation. It should be written to a USB stick as shown in
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-usb">Writing an Image File to USB</a>.</p></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph"><p>After downloading the image file, download at least one <em>checksum</em> file from the same directory.
There are two <em>checksum</em> files available, named after the release number and the architecture name.
For example: <code>CHECKSUM.SHA256-FreeBSD-13.1-RELEASE-amd64</code> and <code>CHECKSUM.SHA512-FreeBSD-13.1-RELEASE-amd64</code>.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>After downloading one of the files (or both), calculate the <em>checksum</em> for the image file and compare it with the one shown in the <em>checksum</em> file.
Note that you need to compare the calculated <em>checksum</em> against the correct file, as they correspond to two different algorithms: SHA256 and SHA512.
FreeBSD provides <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sha256&amp;sektion=1&amp;format=html">sha256(1)</a> and <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sha512&amp;sektion=1&amp;format=html">sha512(1)</a> that can be used for calculating the <em>checksum</em>.
Other operating systems have similar programs.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Verifying the <em>checksum</em> in FreeBSD can be done automatically using <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sha256sum&amp;sektion=1&amp;format=html">sha256sum(1)</a> (and <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sha512sum&amp;sektion=1&amp;format=html">sha512sum(1)</a>) by executing:</p></div><div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="shell">% <span class="nb">sha256sum</span> <span class="nt">-c</span> CHECKSUM.SHA256-FreeBSD-13.1-RELEASE-amd64 FreeBSD-13.1-RELEASE-amd64-dvd1.iso
FreeBSD-13.1-RELEASE-amd64-dvd1.iso: OK</code><div class="copy-to-clipboard-wrapper"><button title="Copy to clipboard"><i class="fa fa-clipboard"></i><span class="tooltip">Copied!</span></button></div></pre></div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The checksums must match exactly.
If the checksums do not match, the image file is corrupt and must be downloaded again.</p></div><div class="sect3"><h4 id="bsdinstall-usb">2.3.1.1. Writing an Image File to USB<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-usb"></a></h4><div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>*memstick.img</code> file is an <em>image</em> of the complete contents of a memory stick.
It <em>cannot</em> be copied to the target device as a file.
Several applications are available for writing the <code>*.img</code> to a USB stick.
This section describes two of these utilities.</p></div><div class="admonitionblock important"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>Before proceeding, back up any important data on the USB stick.
This procedure will erase the existing data on the stick.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="bsdinstall-usb-dd" class="exampleblock procedure"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Procedure. Using <code>dd</code> to write the image</strong><br></p></div><div class="admonitionblock warning"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-warning" title="Warning"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>This example uses <code>/dev/da0</code> as the target device where the image will be written.
Be <strong>very careful</strong> that the correct device is used as this command will destroy the existing data on the specified target device.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic"><li><p>The command-line utility is available on BSD, Linux®, and Mac OS® systems. To burn the image using <code>dd</code>,
insert the USB stick and determine its device name. Then, specify the
name of the downloaded installation file and the device name for the USB
stick. This example burns the amd64 installation image to the first USB
device on an existing FreeBSD system.</p><div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="shell"><span class="c"># dd if=FreeBSD-13.1-RELEASE-amd64-memstick.img of=/dev/da0 bs=1M conv=sync</span></code><div class="copy-to-clipboard-wrapper"><button title="Copy to clipboard"><i class="fa fa-clipboard"></i><span class="tooltip">Copied!</span></button></div></pre></div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If this command fails, verify that the USB stick is not mounted and that the device name is for the disk, not a partition.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Some operating systems might require this command to be run with <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sudo&amp;sektion=8&amp;format=html">sudo(8)</a>.
The <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dd&amp;sektion=1&amp;format=html">dd(1)</a> syntax varies slightly across different platforms; for example, Mac OS® requires a lower-case <code>bs=1m</code>.
Systems like Linux® might buffer writes.
To force all writes to complete, use <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sync&amp;sektion=8&amp;format=html">sync(8)</a>.</p></div></li></ol></div></div></div><div class="exampleblock procedure"><div class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p><strong>Procedure. Using Windows® to Write the Image</strong><br></p></div><div class="admonitionblock warning"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-warning" title="Warning"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>Be sure to give the correct drive letter as the existing data on the specified drive will be overwritten and destroyed.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic"><li><p><strong>Obtaining Image Writer for Windows®</strong></p><div class="paragraph"><p>Image Writer for Windows® is a free application that can correctly write an image file to a memory stick.
Download it from <a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/win32diskimager/">win32diskimager home page</a> and extract it into a folder.</p></div></li><li><p><strong>Writing the Image with Image Writer</strong></p><div class="paragraph"><p>Double-click the Win32DiskImager icon to start the program.
Verify that the drive letter shown under <code>Device</code> is the drive with the memory stick.
Click the folder icon and select the image to be written to the memory stick.
Click <b class="button">Save</b> to accept the image file name.
Verify that everything is correct, and that no folders on the memory stick are open in other windows.
When everything is ready, click <b class="button">Write</b> to write the image file to the memory stick.</p></div></li></ol></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1"><h2 id="bsdinstall-start">2.4. Starting the Installation<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-start"></a></h2><div class="sectionbody"><div class="admonitionblock important"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the installation will not make any changes to the disk(s) before the following message:</p></div><div class="literalblock programlisting"><div class="content"><pre>Your changes will now be written to disk. If you
have chosen to overwrite existing data, it will
be PERMANENTLY ERASED. Are you sure you want to
commit your changes?</pre></div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The
install can be exited at any time prior to this warning.
If there is a concern that something is incorrectly configured, just
turn the computer off before this point and no changes will be made to
the system’s disks.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="paragraph"><p>This section describes how to boot the system from the installation media which
was prepared using the instructions in
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-installation-media">Prepare the Installation Media</a>.
When using a bootable USB stick, plug in the USB stick before turning on the computer.
When booting from CD or DVD, turn on the computer and insert the media at the first opportunity.
How to configure the system to boot from the inserted media depends upon the architecture.</p></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-view-probe">2.4.1. FreeBSD Boot Loader Menu<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-view-probe"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>Once the system boots from the installation media, a menu similar to the following will be displayed:</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-newboot-loader-menu" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-newboot-loader-menu.png" alt="FreeBSD boot loader menu"></div><div class="title">Figure 1. FreeBSD Boot Loader Menu</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>By
default, the menu will wait ten seconds for user input before booting
into the FreeBSD installer or, if FreeBSD is already installed, before
booting into FreeBSD.
To pause the boot timer in order to review the selections, press <kbd>Space</kbd>.
To select an option, press its highlighted number, character, or key.
The following options are available.</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>Boot Multi User</code>: This will continue the FreeBSD boot process. If the boot timer has been paused, press <kbd>1</kbd>, upper- or lower-case <kbd>B</kbd>, or <kbd>Enter</kbd>.</p></li><li><p><code>Boot Single User</code>: This mode can be used to fix an existing FreeBSD installation as described in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/boot/#boot-singleuser">“Single-User Mode”</a>. Press <kbd>2</kbd> or the upper- or lower-case <kbd>S</kbd> to enter this mode.</p></li><li><p><code>Escape to loader prompt</code>:
This will boot the system into a repair prompt that contains a limited
number of low-level commands. This prompt is described in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/boot/#boot-loader">“Stage Three”</a>. Press <kbd>3</kbd> or <kbd>Esc</kbd> to boot into this prompt.</p></li><li><p><code>Reboot</code>: Reboots the system.</p></li><li><p><code>Cons</code>: Allow to continue the installation by <code>video</code>, <code>serial</code>, <code>Dual (serial primary)</code> or <code>Dual (Video primary)</code></p></li><li><p><code>Kernel</code>: Loads a different kernel.</p></li><li><p><code>Boot Options</code>: Opens the menu shown in, and described under,
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-boot-options-menu">FreeBSD Boot Options Menu</a>.</p></li></ul></div><div id="bsdinstall-boot-options-menu" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-boot-options-menu.png" alt="Menu showing the different boot options supported"></div><div class="title">Figure 2. FreeBSD Boot Options Menu</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The boot options menu is divided into two sections.
The first section can be used to either return to the main boot menu or to reset any toggled options back to their defaults.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The next section is used to toggle the available options to <code>On</code> or <code>Off</code> by pressing the option’s highlighted number or character.
The system will always boot using the settings for these options until they are modified.
Several options can be toggled using this menu:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>ACPI Support</code>: If the system hangs during boot, try toggling this option to <code>Off</code>. This option is only present when ACPI support is available but not required.</p></li><li><p><code>Safe Mode</code>: If the system still hangs during boot even with <code>ACPI Support</code> set to <code>Off</code>, try setting this option to <code>On</code>.</p></li><li><p><code>Single User</code>: Toggle this option to <code>On</code> to fix an existing FreeBSD installation as described in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/boot/#boot-singleuser">“Single-User Mode”</a>. Once the problem is fixed, set it back to <code>Off</code>.</p></li><li><p><code>Verbose</code>: Toggle this option to <code>On</code> to see more detailed messages during the boot process. This can be useful when troubleshooting a piece of hardware.</p></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph"><p>After making the needed selections, press <kbd>1</kbd> or <kbd>Backspace</kbd> to return to the main boot menu, then press <kbd>Enter</kbd> to continue booting into FreeBSD.
A series of boot messages will appear as FreeBSD carries out its hardware device probes and loads the installation program.
Once the boot is complete, the welcome menu shown in
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-choose-mode">Welcome Menu</a> will be displayed.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-choose-mode" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-choose-mode.png" alt="FreeBSD installation welcome menu"></div><div class="title">Figure 3. Welcome Menu</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Press <kbd>Enter</kbd> to select the default of <b class="button">Install</b> to enter the installer.
The rest of this chapter describes how to use this installer.
Otherwise, use the right or left arrows or the colorized letter to select the desired menu item.
The <b class="button">Shell</b> can be used to access a FreeBSD shell in order to use command line utilities to prepare the disks before installation.
The <b class="button">Live CD</b> option can be used to try out FreeBSD before installing it.
The live version is described in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#using-live-cd">Using the Live CD</a>.</p></div><div class="admonitionblock tip"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>To review the boot messages, including the hardware device probe, press the upper- or lower-case <kbd>S</kbd> and then <kbd>Enter</kbd> to access a shell.
At the shell prompt, type <code>more /var/run/dmesg.boot</code> and use the space bar to scroll through the messages.
When finished, type <code>exit</code> to return to the welcome menu.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1"><h2 id="using-bsdinstall">2.5. Using bsdinstall<a class="anchor" href="#using-bsdinstall"></a></h2><div class="sectionbody"><div class="paragraph"><p>This
section shows the order of the bsdinstall menus and the type of
information that will be asked before the system is installed.
Use the arrow keys to highlight a menu option, then <kbd>Space</kbd> to select or deselect that menu item.
When finished, press <kbd>Enter</kbd> to save the selection and move onto the next screen.</p></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-keymap">2.5.1. Selecting the Keymap Menu<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-keymap"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>Before starting the process, bsdinstall will load the keymap files as shown in
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-keymap-loading">Keymap Loading</a>.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-keymap-loading" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-keymap-loading.png" alt="Keymap loading"></div><div class="title">Figure 4. Keymap Loading</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>After the keymaps have been loaded, bsdinstall displays the menu shown in
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-keymap-10">Keymap Selection Menu</a>.
Use the up and down arrows to select the keymap that most closely represents the mapping of the keyboard attached to the system.
Press <kbd>Enter</kbd> to save the selection.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-keymap-10" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-keymap-10.png" alt="Keymap selection menu showing all supported keyboards"></div><div class="title">Figure 5. Keymap Selection Menu</div></div><div class="admonitionblock note"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>Pressing <kbd>Esc</kbd> will exit this menu and use the default keymap.
If the choice of keymap is not clear, <span class="guimenuitem">United States of America ISO-8859-1</span> is also a safe option.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="paragraph"><p>In addition, when selecting a different keymap, the user can try the keymap and
ensure it is correct before proceeding, as shown in
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-keymap-testing">Keymap Testing Menu</a>.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-keymap-testing" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-keymap-testing.png" alt="Keymap testing menu"></div><div class="title">Figure 6. Keymap Testing Menu</div></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-hostname">2.5.2. Setting the Hostname<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-hostname"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>The next bsdinstall menu is used to set the hostname for the newly installed system.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-config-hostname" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-config-hostname.png" alt="Setting the hostname"></div><div class="title">Figure 7. Setting the Hostname</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Type in a hostname that is unique for the network.
It should be a fully-qualified hostname, such as <code>machine3.example.com</code>.</p></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-components">2.5.3. Selecting Components to Install<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-components"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>Next, bsdinstall will prompt to select optional components to install.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-config-components" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-config-components.png" alt="Different components that can be installed. Example: base-dbg" width="lib32" height="ports"></div><div class="title">Figure 8. Selecting Components to Install</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Deciding
which components to install will depend largely on the intended use of
the system and the amount of disk space available.
The FreeBSD kernel and userland, collectively known as the <em>base system</em>, are always installed.
Depending on the architecture, some of these components may not appear:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>base-dbg</code> - Base tools like cat and ls, among many others, with debug symbols activated.</p></li><li><p><code>kernel-dbg</code> - Kernel and modules with debug symbols activated.</p></li><li><p><code>lib32-dbg</code> - Compatibility libraries for running 32-bit applications on a 64-bit version of FreeBSD with debug symbols activated.</p></li><li><p><code>lib32</code> - Compatibility libraries for running 32-bit applications on a 64-bit version of FreeBSD.</p></li><li><p><code>ports</code>
- The FreeBSD Ports Collection is a collection of files which automates
the downloading, compiling and installation of third-party software
packages. <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/ports/#ports">Installing Applications: Packages and Ports</a> discusses how to use the Ports Collection.</p><div class="admonitionblock warning"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-warning" title="Warning"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>The installation program does not check for adequate disk space.
Select this option only if sufficient hard disk space is available.
The FreeBSD Ports Collection takes up about 3 GB of disk space.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></li><li><p><code>src</code>
- The complete FreeBSD source code for both the kernel and the
userland. Although not required for the majority of applications, it may
be required to build device drivers, kernel modules, or some
applications from the Ports Collection. It is also used for developing
FreeBSD itself. The full source tree requires 1 GB of disk space and
recompiling the entire FreeBSD system requires an additional 5 GB of
space.</p></li><li><p><code>tests</code> - FreeBSD Test Suite.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-netinstall">2.5.4. Installing from the Network<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-netinstall"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>The menu shown in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-netinstall-notify">Installing from the Network</a> only appears when installing from a <code>-bootonly.iso</code> or <code>-mini-memstick.img</code>,
as this installation media does not hold copies of the installation
files.
Since the installation files must be retrieved over a network
connection, this menu indicates that the network interface must be
configured first.
If this menu is shown in any step of the process, remember to follow the
instructions in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-config-network-dev">Configuring Network Interfaces</a>.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-netinstall-notify" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-netinstall-files.png" alt="Indicates that certain components have not been found and will be downloaded using the network."></div><div class="title">Figure 9. Installing from the Network</div></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1"><h2 id="bsdinstall-partitioning">2.6. Allocating Disk Space<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-partitioning"></a></h2><div class="sectionbody"><div class="paragraph"><p>The next menu is used to determine the method for allocating disk space.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-partmenu" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-partmenu.png" alt="Shows the different partition options. Example: Manual" width="Shell" height="etc."></div><div class="title">Figure 10. Partitioning Choices</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>bsdinstall gives the user four methods for allocating disk space:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>Auto (ZFS)</code> partitioning creates a root-on-ZFS system with optional GELI encryption support for <em>boot environments</em>.</p></li><li><p><code>Auto (UFS)</code> partitioning automatically sets up the disk partitions using the <code>UFS</code> file system.</p></li><li><p><code>Manual</code> partitioning allows advanced users to create customized partitions from menu options.</p></li><li><p><code>Shell</code> opens a shell prompt where advanced users can create customized partitions using command-line utilities like <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gpart&amp;sektion=8&amp;format=html">gpart(8)</a>, <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fdisk&amp;sektion=8&amp;format=html">fdisk(8)</a>, and <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=bsdlabel&amp;sektion=8&amp;format=html">bsdlabel(8)</a>.</p></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph"><p>This section describes what to consider when laying out the disk partitions.
It then demonstrates how to use the different partitioning methods.</p></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="configtuning-initial">2.6.1. Designing the Partition Layout<a class="anchor" href="#configtuning-initial"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>The default partition layout for file systems includes one file system for the entire system.
When using <code>UFS</code> it may be worth considering the use of multiple file systems if you have sufficient disk space or multiple disks.
When laying out file systems, remember that hard drives transfer data faster from the outer tracks to the inner.
Thus, smaller and heavier-accessed file systems should be closer to the outside of the drive, while larger partitions like <code>/usr</code> should be placed toward the inner parts of the disk.
It is a good idea to create partitions in an order similar to: <code>/</code>, swap, <code>/var</code>, and <code>/usr</code>.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The size of the <code>/var</code> partition reflects the intended machine’s usage.
This partition is used to hold mailboxes, log files, and printer spools.
Mailboxes and log files can grow to unexpected sizes depending on the number of users and how long log files are kept.
On average, most users rarely need more than about a gigabyte of free disk space in <code>/var</code>.</p></div><div class="admonitionblock note"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>Sometimes, a lot of disk space is required in <code>/var/tmp</code>.
When new software is installed, the packaging tools extract a temporary copy of the packages under <code>/var/tmp</code>.
Large software packages, like Firefox or LibreOffice may be tricky to install if there is not enough disk space under <code>/var/tmp</code>.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>/usr</code> partition holds many of the files which support the system, including the FreeBSD Ports Collection and system source code.
At least 2 gigabytes of space is recommended for this partition.
Also, note that home directories for users are placed in <code>/usr/home</code> by default, but can be placed on another partition.
By default, <code>/home</code> is a symbolic link to <code>/usr/home</code>.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>When selecting partition sizes, keep the space requirements in mind.
Running out of space in one partition while barely using another can be a hassle.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>As
a rule of thumb, the swap partition should be about double the size of
physical memory (RAM).
Systems with minimal RAM (less for larger-memory configurations) may
perform better with more swap.
Configuring too little swap can lead to inefficiencies in the VM page
scanning code and might create issues later if more memory is added.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>On
larger systems with multiple SCSI disks or multiple IDE disks operating
on different controllers, it is recommended that swap be configured on
each drive, up to four drives.
The swap partitions should be approximately the same size.
The kernel can handle arbitrary sizes, but internal data structures
scale to 4 times the largest swap partition.
Keeping the swap partitions near the same size will allow the kernel to
optimally stripe swap space across disks.
Large swap sizes may elicit a kernel warning message about the total
configured swap.
The limit is raised by increasing the amount of memory allowed for
keeping track of swap allocations, as instructed by the warning message.
It might be easier to recover from a runaway program before being forced
to reboot.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>By properly partitioning a
system, fragmentation introduced in the smaller write-heavy partitions
will not bleed over into the mostly read partitions.
Keeping the write-loaded partitions closer to the disk’s edge will
increase I/O performance in the partitions where it occurs the most.
While I/O performance in the larger partitions may be needed, shifting
them more toward the edge of the disk will not lead to a significant
performance improvement over moving <code>/var</code> to the edge.</p></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-part-guided">2.6.2. Guided Partitioning Using UFS<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-part-guided"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>When this method is selected, a menu will display the available disk(s).
If multiple disks are connected, choose the one where FreeBSD is to be installed.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-part-guided-disk" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-part-guided-disk.png" alt="Shows the list of disks on which FreeBSD can be installed"></div><div class="title">Figure 11. Selecting from Multiple Disks</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Once the disk is selected, the next menu prompts to install to either the entire disk or to create a partition using free space.
If <b class="button">Entire Disk</b> is chosen, a general partition layout filling the whole disk is automatically created.
Selecting <b class="button">Partition</b> creates a partition layout from the unused space on the disk.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-part-entire-part" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-part-entire-part.png" alt="Menu asking the user if he wants to use all the available space on the disk or wants to make a partition"></div><div class="title">Figure 12. Selecting Entire Disk or Partition</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>After the <b class="button">Entire Disk</b> option is chosen, bsdinstall displays a dialog indicating that the disk will be erased.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-ufs-warning" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-ufs-warning.png" alt="Menu indicating the user that all data on the disk will be deleted and asking for confirmation"></div><div class="title">Figure 13. Confirmation</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The next menu shows a list with the available partition scheme types.
GPT is usually the most appropriate choice for amd64 computers.
Older computers that are not compatible with GPT should use MBR.
The other partition schemes are generally used for uncommon or older computers.
More information is available in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#partition-schemes">Partitioning Schemes</a>.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-ufs-scheme" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-part-manual-partscheme.png" alt="Menu showing the user the different the different types of partition that exist and requesting one of them"></div><div class="title">Figure 14. Select Partition Scheme</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>After the partition layout has been created, review it to ensure it meets the needs of the installation.
Selecting <b class="button">Revert</b> will reset the partitions to their original values. Pressing <b class="button">Auto</b> will recreate the automatic FreeBSD partitions.
Partitions can also be manually created, modified, or deleted.
When the partitioning is correct, select <b class="button">Finish</b> to continue with the installation.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-part-review" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-part-review.png" alt="Menu showing created partitions"></div><div class="title">Figure 15. Review Created Partitions</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Once the disks are configured, the next menu provides the last chance to make changes before the selected drives are formatted.
If changes need to be made, select <b class="button">Back</b> to return to the main partitioning menu.
<b class="button">Revert &amp; Exit</b> exits the installer without making any changes to the drive.
Otherwise, select <b class="button">Commit</b> to start the installation process.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-ufs-final-confirmation" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-final-confirmation.png" alt="Menu indicating to the user that all changes will be written to disk and informing that if he decides to continue the existing data will be permanently deleted."></div><div class="title">Figure 16. Final Confirmation</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>To continue with the installation process, go to
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-fetching-distribution">Fetching Distribution Files</a>.</p></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-part-manual">2.6.3. Manual Partitioning<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-part-manual"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>Selecting this method opens the partition editor:</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-part-manual-create" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-part-manual-create.png" alt="Menu showing the Partition Editor."></div><div class="title">Figure 17. Manually Create Partitions</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Highlight the installation drive (<code>ada0</code> in this example) and select <b class="button">Create</b> to display a menu of available partition schemes:</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-part-manual-partscheme" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-part-manual-partscheme.png" alt="Menu showing the different kind of partition schemes"></div><div class="title">Figure 18. Manually Create Partitions</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>GPT is usually the most appropriate choice for amd64 computers.
Older computers that are not compatible with GPT should use MBR.
The other partition schemes are generally used for uncommon or older computers.</p></div><table id="partition-schemes" class="tableblock frame-none grid-all stretch"><caption class="title">Table 1. Partitioning Schemes</caption><colgroup><col style="width:25%"><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Abbreviation</th><th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">APM</p></th><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Apple Partition Map, used by PowerPC®.</p></td></tr><tr><th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">BSD</p></th><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">BSD label without an MBR, sometimes called <em>dangerously dedicated mode</em> as non-BSD disk utilities may not recognize it.</p></td></tr><tr><th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">GPT</p></th><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table">GUID Partition Table</a>.</p></td></tr><tr><th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">MBR</p></th><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record">Master Boot Record</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="paragraph"><p>After the partitioning scheme has been selected and created, select <b class="button">Create</b> again to create the partitions.
The <kbd>Tab</kbd> key is used to give focus to the fields (after cycling through <b class="button">&lt;OK&gt;</b>, <b class="button">&lt;Options&gt;</b>, and <b class="button">&lt;Cancel&gt;</b>).</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-part-manual-addpart" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-part-manual-addpart.png" alt="Menu requesting type" width="size" height="mountpoint and label for the new partition."></div><div class="title">Figure 19. Manually Create Partitions</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>A standard FreeBSD GPT installation uses at least three partitions, including either UFS or ZFS:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>freebsd-boot</code> or <code>efi</code> - Holds the FreeBSD boot code.</p></li><li><p><code>freebsd-ufs</code> - A FreeBSD UFS file system.</p></li><li><p><code>freebsd-zfs</code> - A FreeBSD ZFS file system. More information about ZFS is available in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/zfs/#zfs">The Z File System (ZFS)</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>freebsd-swap</code> - FreeBSD swap space.</p></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Refer to <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gpart&amp;sektion=8&amp;format=html">gpart(8)</a> for descriptions of the available GPT partition types.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Multiple file system partitions can be created. Some people prefer a traditional layout with separate partitions for <code>/</code>, <code>/var</code>, <code>/tmp</code>, and <code>/usr</code>.</p></div><div class="admonitionblock tip"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>Note that <code>/tmp</code> can be added later as a memory-based file system (<a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tmpfs&amp;sektion=5&amp;format=html">tmpfs(5)</a>) on systems with sufficient memory.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-part-manual-splitfs">Creating Traditional Split File System Partitions</a> for an example.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>Size</code> may be entered with common abbreviations: <em>K</em> for kilobytes, <em>M</em> for megabytes, or <em>G</em> for gigabytes.</p></div><div class="admonitionblock tip"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>Proper
sector alignment provides the best performance, and making partition
sizes even multiples of 4K bytes helps to ensure alignment on drives
with either 512-byte or 4K-byte sectors.
Generally, using partition sizes that are even multiples of 1M or 1G is
the easiest way to make sure every partition starts at an even multiple
of 4K.
There is one exception: the <em>freebsd-boot</em> partition should be no larger than 512K due to current boot code limitations.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="paragraph"><p>A <code>Mountpoint</code> is needed if the partition will contain a file system.
If only a single UFS partition will be created, the mountpoint should be <code>/</code>.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>Label</code>
is a name by which the partition will be known.
Drive names or numbers can change if the drive is connected to a
different controller or port, but the partition label does not change.
Referring to labels instead of drive names and partition numbers in
files like <code>/etc/fstab</code> makes the system more tolerant to hardware changes.
GPT labels appear in <code>/dev/gpt/</code> when a disk is attached.
Other partitioning schemes have different label capabilities and their labels appear in different directories in <code>/dev/</code>.</p></div><div class="admonitionblock tip"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>Use a unique label on every partition to avoid conflicts from identical labels.
A few letters from the computer’s name, use, or location can be added to the label.
For instance, use <code>labroot</code> or <code>rootfslab</code> for the UFS root partition on the computer named <code>lab</code>.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="bsdinstall-part-manual-splitfs" class="exampleblock"><div class="title">Example 1. Creating Traditional Split File System Partitions</div><div class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>For a traditional partition layout where the <code>/</code>, <code>/var</code>, <code>/tmp</code>, and <code>/usr</code>
directories are separate file systems on their own partitions, create a
GPT partitioning scheme, then create the partitions as shown.
Partition sizes shown are typical for a 20G target disk.
If more space is available on the target disk, larger swap or <code>/var</code> partitions may be useful.
Labels shown here are prefixed with <code>ex</code> for "example", but readers should use other unique label values as described above.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>By default, FreeBSD’s <code>gptboot</code> expects the first UFS partition to be the <code>/</code> partition.</p></div><table class="tableblock frame-none grid-all stretch informaltable"><colgroup><col style="width:25%"><col style="width:25%"><col style="width:25%"><col style="width:25%"></colgroup><thead><tr><th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Partition Type</th><th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Size</th><th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Mountpoint</th><th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Label</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>freebsd-boot</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>512K</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td></tr><tr><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>freebsd-ufs</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>2G</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>/</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>exrootfs</code></p></td></tr><tr><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>freebsd-swap</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>4G</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>exswap</code></p></td></tr><tr><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>freebsd-ufs</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>2G</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>/var</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>exvarfs</code></p></td></tr><tr><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>freebsd-ufs</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>1G</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>/tmp</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>extmpfs</code></p></td></tr><tr><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>freebsd-ufs</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">accept the default (remainder of the disk)</p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>/usr</code></p></td><td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>exusrfs</code></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>After the custom partitions have been created, select <b class="button">Finish</b> to continue
with the installation and go to
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-fetching-distribution">Fetching Distribution Files</a>.</p></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-part-zfs">2.6.4. Guided Partitioning Using Root-on-ZFS<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-part-zfs"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>This partitioning mode only works with whole disks and will erase the contents of the entire disk.
The main ZFS configuration menu offers a number of options to control the creation of the pool.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-menu" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-menu.png" alt="Menu showing the different options to configure the ZFS pool"></div><div class="title">Figure 20. ZFS Partitioning Menu</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Here is a summary of the options in this menu:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>Install</code> - Proceed with the installation with the selected options.</p></li><li><p><code>Pool Type/Disks</code> - Configure the <code>Pool Type</code> and the disk(s) that will
constitute the pool. The automatic ZFS installer currently only supports the
creation of a single top level vdev, except in stripe mode. To create more
complex pools, use the instructions in
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-part-shell">Shell Mode Partitioning</a> to create the pool.</p></li><li><p><code>Rescan Devices</code> - Repopulate the list of available disks.</p></li><li><p><code>Disk Info</code>
- This menu can be used to inspect each disk, including its partition
table and various other information such as the device model number and
serial number, if available.</p></li><li><p><code>Pool Name</code> - Establish the name of the pool. The default name is <em>zroot</em>.</p></li><li><p><code>Force 4K Sectors?</code>
- Force the use of 4K sectors. By default, the installer will
automatically create partitions aligned to 4K boundaries and force ZFS
to use 4K sectors. This is safe even with 512 byte sector disks, and has
the added benefit of ensuring that pools created on 512 byte disks will
be able to have 4K sector disks added in the future, either as
additional storage space or as replacements for failed disks. Press the <kbd>Enter</kbd> key to chose to activate it or not.</p></li><li><p><code>Encrypt Disks?</code> - Encrypting the disks allows the user to encrypt the disks using GELI. More information about disk encryption is available in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#disks-encrypting-geli">“Disk Encryption with geli”</a>. Press the <kbd>Enter</kbd> key to choose whether to activate it or not.</p></li><li><p><code>Partition Scheme</code> - Choose the partition scheme. GPT is the recommended option in most cases. Press the <kbd>Enter</kbd> key to chose between the different options.</p></li><li><p><code>Swap Size</code> - Establish the amount of swap space.</p></li><li><p><code>Mirror Swap?</code> - Whether to mirror the swap between the disks. Be aware that enabling mirror swap will break crash dumps. Press the <kbd>Enter</kbd> key to activate it or not.</p></li><li><p><code>Encrypt Swap?</code>
- Whether to encrypt the swap. This will encrypt the swap with a
temporary key each time the system boots, and discards it on reboot.
Press the <kbd>Enter</kbd> key to choose to activate it or not. More information about swap encryption in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/disks/#swap-encrypting">“Encrypting Swap”</a>.</p></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Select <kbd>T</kbd> to configure the <code>Pool Type</code> and the disk(s) that will constitute the pool.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_type" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_type.png" alt="Menu requesting the Virtual Device type. Ex: stripe" width="mirror" height="raidz1"></div><div class="title">Figure 21. ZFS Pool Type</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Here is a summary of the <code>Pool Type</code> that can be selected in this menu:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>stripe</code>
- Striping provides maximum storage of all connected devices, but no
redundancy. If just one disk fails the data on the pool is lost
irrevocably.</p></li><li><p><code>mirror</code> - Mirroring stores a
complete copy of all data on every disk. Mirroring provides good read
performance because data is read from all disks in parallel. Write
performance is slower as the data must be written to all disks in the
pool. Allows all but one disk to fail. This option requires at least two
disks.</p></li><li><p><code>raid10</code> - Striped mirrors. Provides
the best performance, but the least storage. This option needs at least
an even number of disks and a minimum of four disks.</p></li><li><p><code>raidz1</code> - Single Redundant RAID. Allow one disk to fail concurrently. This option needs at least three disks.</p></li><li><p><code>raidz2</code> - Double Redundant RAID. Allows two disks to fail concurrently. This option needs at least four disks.</p></li><li><p><code>raidz3</code> - Triple Redundant RAID. Allows three disks to fail concurrently. This option needs at least five disks.</p></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Once a <code>Pool Type</code>
has been selected, a list of available disks is displayed, and the user
is prompted to select one or more disks to make up the pool.
The configuration is then validated to ensure that enough disks are
selected.
If validation fails, select <b class="button">&lt;Change Selection&gt;</b> to return to the list of disks or <b class="button">&lt;Back&gt;</b> to change the <code>Pool Type</code>.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-disk_select" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-disk_select.png" alt="Menu requesting how many disks will be added to the pool"></div><div class="title">Figure 22. Disk Selection</div></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_invalid" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-vdev_invalid.png" alt="Menu indicating that not enough disks have been selected."></div><div class="title">Figure 23. Invalid Selection</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If one or more disks are missing from the list, or if disks were attached after the installer was started, select <b class="button">- Rescan Devices</b> to repopulate the list of available disks.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-rescan-devices" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-rescan-devices.png" alt="Device rescan"></div><div class="title">Figure 24. Rescan Devices</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>To avoid accidentally erasing the wrong disk, the <b class="button">- Disk Info</b>
menu can be used to inspect each disk, including its partition table
and various other information such as the device model number and serial
number, if available.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-disk_info" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-disk_info.png" alt="Menu showing the information of the partitions."></div><div class="title">Figure 25. Analyzing a Disk</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Select <kbd>N</kbd> to configure the <code>Pool Name</code>.
Enter the desired name, then select <b class="button">&lt;OK&gt;</b> to establish it or <b class="button">&lt;Cancel&gt;</b> to return to the main menu and leave the default name.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-pool-name" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-pool-name.png" alt="Menu requesting the name of the pool."></div><div class="title">Figure 26. Pool Name</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Select <kbd>S</kbd> to set the amount of swap.
Enter the desired amount of swap, then select <b class="button">&lt;OK&gt;</b> to establish it or <b class="button">&lt;Cancel&gt;</b> to return to the main menu and let the default amount.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-swap-amount" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-swap-amount.png" alt="Menu requesting the amount of swap memory"></div><div class="title">Figure 27. Swap Amount</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Once all options have been set to the desired values, select the <b class="button">&gt;&gt;&gt; Install</b>
option at the top of the menu.
The installer then offers a last chance to cancel before the contents of
the selected drives are destroyed to create the ZFS pool.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-warning" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-warning.png" alt="Menu indicating to the user that the data will be lost"></div><div class="title">Figure 28. Last Chance</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If GELI disk encryption was enabled, the installer will prompt twice for the passphrase to be used to encrypt the disks.
Initialization of the encryption then begins.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-geli_password" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-geli_password.png" alt="Menu requesting the password to encrypt the devices."></div><div class="title">Figure 29. Disk Encryption Password</div></div><div id="bsdinstall-zfs-init-encription" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-zfs-init-encription.png" alt="Menu showing that the encryption is initializing."></div><div class="title">Figure 30. Initializing Encryption</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The installation then proceeds normally.
To continue with the installation, go to
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-fetching-distribution">Fetching Distribution Files</a>.</p></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-part-shell">2.6.5. Shell Mode Partitioning<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-part-shell"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>When creating advanced installations, the bsdinstall partitioning menus may not provide the level of flexibility required.
Advanced users can select the <b class="button">Shell</b> option from the partitioning menu in order to manually partition the drives, create the file system(s), populate <code>/tmp/bsdinstall_etc/fstab</code>, and mount the file systems under <code>/mnt</code>.
Once this is done, type <code>exit</code> to return to bsdinstall and continue the installation.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1"><h2 id="bsdinstall-fetching-distribution">2.7. Fetching Distribution Files<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-fetching-distribution"></a></h2><div class="sectionbody"><div class="paragraph"><p>Installation time will vary depending on the distributions chosen, installation media, and speed of the computer.
A series of messages will indicate the progress.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>First, the installer formats the selected disk(s) and initializes the partitions.
Next, in the case of a <code>bootonly media</code> or <code>mini memstick</code>, it downloads the selected components:</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-distfile-fetching" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-distfile-fetching.png" alt="Menu showing the download of the different components."></div><div class="title">Figure 31. Fetching Distribution Files</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Next,
the integrity of the distribution files is verified to ensure they have
not been corrupted during download or misread from the installation
media:</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-distfile-verify" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-distfile-verifying.png" alt="Menu showing the verification of the different components."></div><div class="title">Figure 32. Verifying Distribution Files</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, the verified distribution files are extracted to the disk:</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-distfile-extract" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-distfile-extracting.png" alt="Menu showing the extraction of the different components."></div><div class="title">Figure 33. Extracting Distribution Files</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Once all requested distribution files have been extracted, bsdinstall displays the first post-installation configuration screen.
The available post-configuration options are described in the next section.</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1"><h2 id="bsdinstall-post">2.8. Network Interfaces, Accounts, Time Zone, Services and Hardening<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-post"></a></h2><div class="sectionbody"><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-post-root">2.8.1. Setting the <code>root</code> Password<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-post-root"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>First, the <code>root</code> password must be set.
While entering the password, the characters being typed are not displayed on the screen.
The password must be entered twice to prevent typing errors.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-post-set-root-passwd" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-post-root-passwd.png" alt="Menu showing requesting the password for the root user."></div><div class="title">Figure 34. Setting the <code>root</code> Password</div></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-config-network-dev">2.8.2. Configuring Network Interfaces<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-config-network-dev"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>Next, a list of the network interfaces found on the computer is shown.
Select the interface to configure.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-configure-net-interface" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface.png" alt="Menu showing the different network interfaces to configure."></div><div class="title">Figure 35. Choose a Network Interface</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If an Ethernet interface is selected, the installer will skip ahead to the menu
shown in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-configure-net-ipv4">Choose IPv4 Networking</a>.
If a wireless network interface is chosen, the system will instead scan for wireless access points:</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-wireless-scan" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-scan.png" alt="Menu showing wireless network scanning."></div><div class="title">Figure 36. Scanning for Wireless Access Points</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Wireless networks are identified by a Service Set Identifier (SSID); a short, unique name given to each network.
SSIDs found during the scan are listed, followed by a description of the encryption types available for that network.
If the desired SSID does not appear in the list, select <b class="button">Rescan</b>
to scan again.
If the desired network still does not appear, check for problems with
antenna connections or try moving the computer closer to the access
point.
Rescan after each change is made.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-wireless-accesspoints" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-accesspoints.png" alt="Menu showing the different wireless networks to connect to."></div><div class="title">Figure 37. Choosing a Wireless Network</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Next, enter the encryption information for connecting to the selected wireless network.
WPA2 encryption is strongly recommended over older encryption types such as WEP, which offer little security.
If the network uses WPA2, input the password, also known as the Pre-Shared Key (PSK).
For security reasons, the characters typed into the input box are displayed as asterisks.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-wireless-wpa2" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-configure-wireless-wpa2setup.png" alt="Menu requesting the wireless network password."></div><div class="title">Figure 38. WPA2 Setup</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Next, choose whether or not an IPv4 address should be configured on the Ethernet or wireless interface:</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-configure-net-ipv4" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4.png" alt="Menu indicating if IPv4 wants to be configured for the selected interface."></div><div class="title">Figure 39. Choose IPv4 Networking</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>There are two methods of IPv4 configuration.
DHCP will automatically configure the network interface correctly and should be used if the network provides a DHCP server.
Otherwise, the addressing information needs to be input manually as a static configuration.</p></div><div class="admonitionblock note"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>Do not enter random network information as it will not work.
If a DHCP server is not available, obtain the information listed in
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-collect-network-information">Required Network Information</a> from the network administrator or Internet service provider.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If a DHCP server is available, select <b class="button">Yes</b>
in the next menu to automatically configure the network interface.
The installer will appear to pause for a minute or so as it finds the
DHCP server and obtains the addressing information for the system.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-net-ipv4-dhcp" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4-dhcp.png" alt="Menu indicating if DHCP wants to be configured for the selected interface."></div><div class="title">Figure 40. Choose IPv4 DHCP Configuration</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If a DHCP server is not available, select <b class="button">No</b> and input the following addressing information in this menu:</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-net-ipv4-static" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv4-static.png" alt="Menu requesting data to configure IPv4 network."></div><div class="title">Figure 41. IPv4 Static Configuration</div></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>IP Address</code>
- The IPv4 address assigned to this computer. The address must be
unique and not already in use by another device on the local network.</p></li><li><p><code>Subnet Mask</code> - The subnet mask for the network.</p></li><li><p><code>Default Router</code> - The IP address of the network’s default gateway.</p></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The next screen will ask if the interface should be configured for IPv6. If IPv6 is available and desired, choose <b class="button">Yes</b> to select it.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-net-ipv6" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv6.png" alt="Menu indicating if IPv6 wants to be configured for the selected interface."></div><div class="title">Figure 42. Choose IPv6 Networking</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>IPv6
also has two methods of configuration.
StateLess Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) will automatically request
the correct configuration information from a local router.
Refer to <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4862">rfc4862</a> for more information.
Static configuration requires manual entry of network information.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If an IPv6 router is available, select <b class="button">Yes</b>
in the next menu to automatically configure the network interface.
The installer will appear to pause for a minute or so as it finds the
router and obtains the addressing information for the system.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-net-ipv6-slaac" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-slaac.png" alt="Menu indicating if SLAAC wants to be configured for the selected interface."></div><div class="title">Figure 43. Choose IPv6 SLAAC Configuration</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If an IPv6 router is not available, select <b class="button">No</b> and input the following addressing information in this menu:</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-net-ipv6-static" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-configure-network-interface-ipv6-static.png" alt="Menu requesting data to configure IPv6 network."></div><div class="title">Figure 44. IPv6 Static Configuration</div></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>IPv6 Address</code>
- The IPv6 address assigned to this computer. The address must be
unique and not already in use by another device on the local network.</p></li><li><p><code>Default Router</code> - The IPv6 address of the network’s default gateway.</p></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The
last network configuration menu is used to configure the Domain Name
System (DNS) resolver, which converts hostnames to and from network
addresses.
If DHCP or SLAAC was used to autoconfigure the network interface, the <code>Resolver Configuration</code> values may already be filled in.
Otherwise, enter the local network’s domain name in the <code>Search</code> field.
<code>DNS #1</code> and <code>DNS #2</code> are the IPv4 and/or IPv6 addresses of the DNS servers.
At least one DNS server is required.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-net-dns-config" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-configure-network-ipv4-dns.png" alt="Menu requesting data to configure DNS for the network."></div><div class="title">Figure 45. DNS Configuration</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Once
the interface is configured, select a mirror site that is located in
the same region of the world as the computer on which FreeBSD is being
installed.
Files can be retrieved more quickly when the mirror is close to the
target computer, reducing installation time.</p></div><div class="admonitionblock tip"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>Selecting <code><a href="ftp://download.freebsd.org/" class="bare">ftp://download.freebsd.org</a> (Main Site)</code> will automatically route to the nearest mirror.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="bsdinstall-netinstall-mirror" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-netinstall-mirrorselect.png" alt="Menu requesting a network mirror."></div><div class="title">Figure 46. Choosing a Mirror</div></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-timezone">2.8.3. Setting the Time Zone<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-timezone"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>The
next series of menus are used to determine the correct local time by
selecting the geographic region, country, and time zone.
Setting the time zone allows the system to automatically correct for
regional time changes, such as daylight savings time, and perform other
time zone related functions properly.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The example shown here is for a machine located in the mainland time zone of Spain, Europe.
The selections will vary according to the geographical location.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-timezone-region" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-timezone-region.png" alt="Menu requesting the timezone region."></div><div class="title">Figure 47. Select a Region</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The appropriate region is selected using the arrow keys and then pressing <kbd>Enter</kbd>.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-timezone-country" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-timezone-country.png" alt="Menu requesting the timezone country."></div><div class="title">Figure 48. Select a Country</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Select the appropriate country using the arrow keys and press <kbd>Enter</kbd>.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-timezone-zone" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-timezone-zone.png" alt="Menu requesting the timezone zone."></div><div class="title">Figure 49. Select a Time Zone</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The appropriate time zone is selected using the arrow keys and pressing <kbd>Enter</kbd>.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-timezone-confirmation" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-timezone-confirm.png" alt="Menu requesting confirmation of the selected timezone."></div><div class="title">Figure 50. Confirm Time Zone</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Confirm the abbreviation for the time zone is correct.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-timezone-date" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-timezone-date.png" alt="Menu requesting the system date."></div><div class="title">Figure 51. Select Date</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The appropriate date is selected using the arrow keys and then pressing <b class="button">Set Date</b>.
Otherwise, the date selection can be skipped by pressing <b class="button">Skip</b>.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-timezone-time" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-timezone-time.png" alt="Menu requesting the system time."></div><div class="title">Figure 52. Select Time</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The appropriate time is selected using the arrow keys and then pressing <b class="button">Set Time</b>.
Otherwise, the time selection can be skipped by pressing <b class="button">Skip</b>.</p></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-sysconf">2.8.4. Enabling Services<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-sysconf"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>The next menu is used to configure which system services will be started whenever the system boots.
All of these services are optional.
Only start the services that are needed for the system to function.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-config-serv" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-config-services.png" alt="Menu showing the different services available."></div><div class="title">Figure 53. Selecting Additional Services to Enable</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Here is a summary of the services that can be enabled in this menu:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>local_unbound</code>
- Enable the DNS local unbound. It is necessary to keep in mind that
this is a configuration only meant for use as a local caching forwarding
resolver. If the objective is to set up a resolver for the entire
network, install <a class="package" href="https://cgit.freebsd.org/ports/tree/dns/unbound/">dns/unbound</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>sshd</code>
- The Secure Shell (SSH) daemon is used to remotely access a system
over an encrypted connection. Only enable this service if the system
should be available for remote logins.</p></li><li><p><code>moused</code> - Enable this service if the mouse will be used from the command-line system console.</p></li><li><p><code>ntpdate</code> - Enable automatic clock synchronization at boot time. Note that the functionality of this program is now available in the <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ntpd&amp;sektion=8&amp;format=html">ntpd(8)</a> daemon and the <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ntpdate&amp;sektion=8&amp;format=html">ntpdate(8)</a> utility will soon be retired.</p></li><li><p><code>ntpd</code>
- The Network Time Protocol (NTP) daemon for automatic clock
synchronization. Enable this service if you wish to synchronise your
system clock with a remote time server or pool.</p></li><li><p><code>powerd</code> - System power control utility for power control and energy saving.</p></li><li><p><code>dumpdev</code> - Crash dumps are useful when debugging issues with the system, so users are encouraged to enable them.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-hardening">2.8.5. Enabling Hardening Security Options<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-hardening"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>The next menu is used to configure which security options will be enabled.
All of these options are optional.
But their use is encouraged.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-hardening-options" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-hardening.png" alt="Menu shoring the different hardening security options."></div><div class="title">Figure 54. Selecting Hardening Security Options</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Here is a summary of the options that can be enabled in this menu:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>hide_uids</code> - Hide processes running as other users (UID). This prevents unprivileged users from seeing running processes from other users.</p></li><li><p><code>hide_gids</code>
- Hide processes running as other groups (GID). This prevents
unprivileged users from seeing running processes from other groups.</p></li><li><p><code>hide_jail</code> - Hide processes running in jails. This prevents unprivileged users from seeing processes running inside jails.</p></li><li><p><code>read_msgbuf</code> - Disable reading kernel message buffer for unprivileged users. Prevent unprivileged users from using <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dmesg&amp;sektion=8&amp;format=html">dmesg(8)</a> to view messages from the kernel’s log buffer.</p></li><li><p><code>proc_debug</code>
- Disable process debugging facilities for unprivileged users. Disables
a variety of unprivileged inter-process debugging services, including
some procfs functionality, <code>ptrace()</code>, and <code>ktrace()</code>. Please note that this will also prevent debugging tools such as <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=lldb&amp;sektion=1&amp;format=html">lldb(1)</a>, <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=truss&amp;sektion=1&amp;format=html">truss(1)</a> and <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=procstat&amp;sektion=1&amp;format=html">procstat(1)</a>, as well as some built-in debugging facilities in certain scripting languages like PHP.</p></li><li><p><code>random_pid</code> - Randomize the PID of processes.</p></li><li><p><code>clear_tmp</code> - Clean <code>/tmp</code> when the system starts up.</p></li><li><p><code>disable_syslogd</code> - Disable opening the syslogd network socket. By default, FreeBSD runs syslogd in a secure way with <code>-s</code>.
This prevents the daemon from listening for incoming UDP requests on
port 514. With this option enabled, syslogd will instead run with <code>-ss</code>, which prevents syslogd from opening any port. For more information, see <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=syslogd&amp;sektion=8&amp;format=html">syslogd(8)</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>disable_sendmail</code> - Disable the sendmail mail transport agent.</p></li><li><p><code>secure_console</code> - Make the command prompt request the <code>root</code> password when entering single-user mode.</p></li><li><p><code>disable_ddtrace</code> - DTrace can run in a mode that affects the running kernel. Destructive actions may not be used unless explicitly enabled. Use <code>-w</code> to enable this option when using DTrace. For more information, see <a href="https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dtrace&amp;sektion=1&amp;format=html">dtrace(1)</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>enable_aslr</code> - Enable address layout randomization. For more information about address layout randomization the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization">Wikipedia article</a> can be consulted.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-addusers">2.8.6. Add Users<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-addusers"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>The next menu prompts to create at least one user account.
It is recommended to log into the system using a user account rather than as <code>root</code>.
When logged in as <code>root</code>, there are essentially no limits or protection on what can be done.
Logging in as a normal user is safer and more secure.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Select <b class="button">Yes</b> to add new users.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-add-user1" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-adduser1.png" alt="Menu requesting if a user want to be added to the system."></div><div class="title">Figure 55. Add User Accounts</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Follow the prompts and input the requested information for the user account.
The example shown in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-add-user2">Enter User Information</a> creates the <code>asample</code> user account.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-add-user2" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-adduser2.png" alt="Menu requesting different information for the new user."></div><div class="title">Figure 56. Enter User Information</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Here is a summary of the information to input:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>Username</code>
- The name the user will enter to log in. A common convention is to use
the first letter of the first name combined with the last name, as long
as each username is unique for the system. The username is case
sensitive and should not contain any spaces.</p></li><li><p><code>Full name</code> - The user’s full name. This can contain spaces and is used as a description for the user account.</p></li><li><p><code>Uid</code> - User ID. This is typically left blank so the system automatically assigns a value.</p></li><li><p><code>Login group</code> - The user’s group. This is typically left blank to accept the default.</p></li><li><p><code>Invite <em>user</em> into other groups?</code> - Additional groups to which the user will be added as a member. If the user needs administrative access, type <code>wheel</code> here.</p></li><li><p><code>Login class</code> - Typically left blank for the default.</p></li><li><p><code>Shell</code> - Type in one of the listed values to set the interactive shell for the user. Refer to <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#shells">Shells</a> for more information about shells.</p></li><li><p><code>Home directory</code> - The user’s home directory. The default is usually correct.</p></li><li><p><code>Home directory permissions</code> - Permissions on the user’s home directory. The default is usually correct.</p></li><li><p><code>Use password-based authentication?</code> - Typically <code>yes</code> so that the user is prompted to input their password at login.</p></li><li><p><code>Use an empty password?</code> - Typically <code>no</code> as empty or blank passwords are insecure.</p></li><li><p><code>Use a random password?</code> - Typically <code>no</code> so that the user can set their own password in the next prompt.</p></li><li><p><code>Enter password</code> - The password for this user. Typed-in characters will not be shown on the screen.</p></li><li><p><code>Enter password again</code> - The password must be typed again for verification.</p></li><li><p><code>Lock out the account after creation?</code> - Typically <code>no</code> so that the user can log in.</p></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph"><p>After entering all the details, a summary is shown for review.
If a mistake was made, enter <code>no</code> to correct it.
Once everything is correct, enter <code>yes</code> to create the new user.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-add-user3" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-adduser3.png" alt="Menu showing the information of the new user and requesting if everything is correct."></div><div class="title">Figure 57. Exit User and Group Management</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If there are more users to add, answer the <code>Add another user?</code> question with <code>yes</code>.
Enter <code>no</code> to finish adding users and continue the installation.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>For more information on adding users and user management, see <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#users-synopsis">Users and Basic Account Management</a>.</p></div></div><div class="sect2"><h3 id="bsdinstall-final-conf">2.8.7. Final Configuration<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-final-conf"></a></h3><div class="paragraph"><p>After everything has been installed and configured, a final chance is provided to modify settings.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-final-config" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-finalconfiguration.png" alt="Menu showing different options to perform before finishing the installation. Ex: Add user" width="Time Zone" height="etc."></div><div class="title">Figure 58. Final Configuration</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Use this menu to make any changes or to do any additional configuration before completing the installation.</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p><code>Add User</code> - Described in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-addusers">Add Users</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>Root Password</code> - Described in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-post-root">Setting the <code>root</code> Password</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>Hostname</code> - Described in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-hostname">Setting the Hostname</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>Network</code> - Described in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-config-network-dev">Configuring Network Interfaces</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>Services</code> - Described in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-sysconf">Enabling Services</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>System Hardening</code> - Described in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-hardening">Enabling Hardening Security Options</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>Time Zone</code> - Described in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-timezone">Setting the Time Zone</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>Handbook</code> - Download and install the FreeBSD Handbook.</p></li></ul></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Once configuration is complete, select <b class="button">Exit</b>.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-final-modification-shell" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-final-modification-shell.png" alt="Menu showing that the installation has finished. And asking if you want to open a shell to make manual changes."></div><div class="title">Figure 59. Manual Configuration</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>bsdinstall will prompt for any additional configuration that needs to be done before rebooting into the new system.
Select <b class="button">Yes</b> to exit to a shell within the new system or <b class="button">No</b> to proceed to the last step of the installation.</p></div><div id="bsdinstall-final-main" class="imageblock"><div class="content"><img src="bsdinstall_files/bsdinstall-mainexit.png" alt="Menu showing that the installation has finished and asking whether to reboot the system or access the Live CD."></div><div class="title">Figure 60. Complete the Installation</div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If further configuration or special setup is needed, select <b class="button">Live CD</b> to boot the install media into Live CD mode.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If the installation is complete, select <b class="button">Reboot</b> to reboot the computer and start the new FreeBSD system.
Do not forget to remove the FreeBSD install media or the computer might boot from it again.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>As FreeBSD boots, informational messages are displayed.
After the system finishes booting, a login prompt is displayed.
At the <code>login:</code> prompt, enter the username added during the installation.
Avoid logging in as <code>root</code>.
Refer to <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics/#users-superuser">The Superuser Account</a> for instructions on how to become the superuser when administrative access is needed.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The messages that appear during boot can be reviewed by pressing <kbd>Scroll-Lock</kbd> to turn on the scroll-back buffer.
The <kbd>PgUp</kbd>, <kbd>PgDn</kbd>, and arrow keys can be used to scroll back through the messages.
When finished, press <kbd>Scroll-Lock</kbd> again to unlock the display and return to the console.
To review these messages once the system has been up for some time, type <code>less /var/run/dmesg.boot</code> from a command prompt.
Press <kbd>q</kbd> to return to the command line after viewing.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If sshd was enabled in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-config-serv">Selecting Additional Services to Enable</a>, the first boot might be a bit slower as the system generates SSH host keys.
Subsequent boots will be faster.
The fingerprints of the keys are then displayed as in the following example:</p></div><div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="shell">Generating public/private rsa1 key pair.
Your identification has been saved <span class="k">in</span> /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.
Your public key has been saved <span class="k">in</span> /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
10:a0:f5:af:93:ae:a3:1a:b2:bb:3c:35:d9:5a:b3:f3 root@machine3.example.com
The key<span class="s1">'s randomart image is:
+--[RSA1 1024]----+
| o.. |
| o . . |
| . o |
| o |
| o S |
| + + o |
|o . + * |
|o+ ..+ . |
|==o..o+E |
+-----------------+
Generating public/private dsa key pair.
Your identification has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.
Your public key has been saved in /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
7e:1c:ce:dc:8a:3a:18:13:5b:34:b5:cf:d9:d1:47:b2 root@machine3.example.com
The key'</span>s randomart image is:
+--[ DSA 1024]----+
| .. <span class="nb">.</span> .|
| o <span class="nb">.</span> <span class="nb">.</span> + |
| <span class="nb">.</span> .. <span class="nb">.</span> E .|
| <span class="nb">.</span> <span class="nb">.</span> o o <span class="nb">.</span> <span class="nb">.</span> |
| + S <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">.</span> |
| + <span class="nb">.</span> <span class="o">=</span> o |
| + <span class="nb">.</span> <span class="k">*</span> <span class="nb">.</span> |
| <span class="nb">.</span> <span class="nb">.</span> o <span class="nb">.</span> |
| .o. <span class="nb">.</span> |
+-----------------+
Starting sshd.</code><div class="copy-to-clipboard-wrapper"><button title="Copy to clipboard"><i class="fa fa-clipboard"></i><span class="tooltip">Copied!</span></button></div></pre></div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Refer to <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#openssh">OpenSSH</a> for more information about fingerprints and SSH.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>FreeBSD does not install a graphical environment by default.
Refer to <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/x11/#x11">The X Window System</a> for more information about installing and configuring a graphical window manager.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Proper shutdown of a FreeBSD computer helps protect data and hardware from damage.
<em>Do not turn off the power before the system has been properly shut down!</em> If the user is a member of the <code>wheel</code> group, become the superuser by typing <code>su</code> at the command line and entering the <code>root</code> password.
Then, type <code>shutdown -p now</code> and the system will shut down cleanly, and, if the hardware supports it, turn itself off.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1"><h2 id="bsdinstall-install-trouble">2.9. Troubleshooting<a class="anchor" href="#bsdinstall-install-trouble"></a></h2><div class="sectionbody"><div class="paragraph"><p>This section covers basic installation troubleshooting, such as common problems people have reported.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Check the Hardware Notes listed on the <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/releases/">FreeBSD Release Information</a> page for the version of FreeBSD to make sure the hardware is supported.</p></div><div class="admonitionblock note"><table><tbody><tr><td class="icon"><i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i></td><td class="content"><div class="paragraph"><p>Some
installation problems can be avoided or alleviated by updating the
firmware on various hardware components, most notably the motherboard.
Motherboard firmware is usually referred to as the BIOS.
Most motherboard and computer manufacturers have a website for upgrades
and upgrade information.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>Manufacturers
generally advise against upgrading the motherboard BIOS unless there is
a good reason for doing so, like a critical update.
The upgrade process <em>can</em> go wrong, leaving the BIOS incomplete and the computer inoperative.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="paragraph"><p>If
the system hangs while probing hardware during boot or behaves
strangely during the installation process, ACPI may be the culprit.
FreeBSD makes extensive use of the system ACPI service on the i386 and
amd64 platforms to aid in system configuration if it is detected during
boot.
Unfortunately, some bugs still exist in both the ACPI driver and within
system motherboards and BIOS firmware.
ACPI can be disabled by setting the <code>hint.acpi.0.disabled</code> hint in the third stage boot loader:</p></div><div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="shell"><span class="nb">set </span>hint.acpi.0.disabled<span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"1"</span></code><div class="copy-to-clipboard-wrapper"><button title="Copy to clipboard"><i class="fa fa-clipboard"></i><span class="tooltip">Copied!</span></button></div></pre></div></div><div class="paragraph"><p>This is reset each time the system is booted, so it is necessary to add <code>hint.acpi.0.disabled="1"</code> to the file <code>/boot/loader.conf</code>.
More information about the boot loader can be found in <a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/boot/#boot-synopsis">“Synopsis”</a>.</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1"><h2 id="using-live-cd">2.10. Using the Live CD<a class="anchor" href="#using-live-cd"></a></h2><div class="sectionbody"><div class="paragraph"><p>The welcome menu of bsdinstall, shown in
<a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/#bsdinstall-choose-mode">Welcome Menu</a>, provides a <b class="button">Live CD</b>
option.
This is useful for those who are still wondering whether FreeBSD is the
right operating system for them and want to test some of the features
before installing.</p></div><div class="paragraph"><p>The following points should be noted before using the <b class="button">Live CD</b>:</p></div><div class="ulist"><ul><li><p>To gain access to the system, authentication is required. The username is <code>root</code> and the password is blank.</p></li><li><p>As
the system runs directly from the installation media, performance will
be significantly slower than that of a system installed on a hard disk.</p></li><li><p>This option only provides a command prompt and not a graphical interface.</p></li></ul></div></div></div></div><hr><div class="last-modified"><p><strong>Last modified on</strong>: September 23, 2024 by <a href="https://cgit.freebsd.org/doc/commit/?id=c6f45f0053" target="_blank">Fernando Apesteguía</a></p></div><div class="buttons"><div class="prev"><i class="fa fa-angle-left" aria-hidden="true" title="Prev"></i><div class="container"><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/introduction" class="direction">Prev</a></div></div><div class="home"><i class="fa fa-home" aria-hidden="true" title="Home"></i><div class="container"><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/" class="direction">Home</a></div></div><div class="next"><div class="container"><a href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/basics" class="direction">Next</a></div><i class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true" title="Next"></i></div></div><label class="hidden book-menu-overlay" for="menu-control"></label></div><aside class="toc"><div class="toc-content"><h3>Table of Contents</h3><nav id="TableOfContents"><ul><li><a href="#bsdinstall-synopsis">2.1. Synopsis</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-hardware">2.2. Minimum Hardware Requirements</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-pre">2.3. Pre-Installation Tasks</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-start">2.4. Starting the Installation</a></li><li><a href="#using-bsdinstall">2.5. Using bsdinstall</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-partitioning">2.6. Allocating Disk Space</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-fetching-distribution">2.7. Fetching Distribution Files</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-post">2.8. Network Interfaces, Accounts, Time Zone, Services and Hardening</a></li><li><a href="#bsdinstall-install-trouble">2.9. Troubleshooting</a></li><li><a href="#using-live-cd">2.10. Using the Live CD</a></li></ul></nav><hr><div class="resources"><h3>Resources</h3><ul class="contents"><li><i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o" aria-hidden="true" title="Download PDF"></i><a href="https://download.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/handbook/handbook_en.pdf">Download PDF</a></li><li><i class="fa fa-pencil-square-o" aria-hidden="true" title="Edit this page"></i><a href="https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd-doc/blob/main/documentation/content/en/_index" target="_blank">Edit this page</a></li></ul></div></div></aside><a class="to-top" href="#top"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-up" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></main><footer><div class="footer-container"><section class="logo-column"><img src="bsdinstall_files/FreeBSD-colors.svg" width="160" height="50" alt="FreeBSD logo"><div class="options-container"><div class="language-container"><a id="languages" href="https://docs.freebsd.org/en/languages"><img src="bsdinstall_files/language.png" class="language-image" alt="Choose language">
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